Cluster munitions are a class of explosive weapons that release smaller submunitions over a wide area, designed to target dispersed enemy forces, armored vehicles, and infrastructure. While they offer significant tactical advantages on the battlefield by saturating large zones with explosive force, their use has become highly controversial due to the potential for unexploded bomblets to harm civilians long after conflict ends. Originally developed during World War II and widely used throughout the 20th century, cluster munitions are now subject to international scrutiny. Over 100 countries have signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions, banning their use, production, and transfer. However, several key military powers, including the United States, Russia, and

Precision-Guided Munitions (PGMs) have revolutionized modern warfare by offering unmatched accuracy and reduced collateral damage. These advanced weapons use technologies such as GPS, laser guidance, and inertial navigation systems to strike targets with pinpoint precision, minimizing the risk to civilians and friendly forces. PGMs are now a cornerstone of air-to-ground and surface-to-surface military operations around the world. The development of PGMs began during the late 20th century and has rapidly evolved with advancements in digital targeting and real-time surveillance. From smart bombs like the JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition) to laser-guided missiles, PGMs enable militaries to achieve strategic objectives with fewer resources and lower risk. Their ability to neutralize specific